Die beiden Zitate im Abspann des Filmes können hinsichtlich der Einstellung beider Männer zur Gewaltanwendung gegeneinander kontrastiert und diskutiert werden.
For a discussion of this motion picture in a different learning situation, cf.
Literaturverzeichnis
Primärquellen:
A Good Read. BBC Radio 4, 25.July 1993
Do the Right Thing. Spike Lee. Forty Acres and a Mule/Universal Pictures, 1989
Morgenthau, Tom, "Losing Ground" Newsweek 6.April, 1992
US3 "The Darkside" Hand on the Torch. (Blue Note, no.808832) Hamburg: Almo Music, 1993
Sekundärliteratur:
Dent, Gina, Black Popular Culture. Seattle: Bay Press, 1992
Flowe, William, Going Down That Road. The African-American Journey. Berlin: Cornelsen Verlag, 1996
Hoffstadt, Stephan, Black Cinema. Afroamerikanische Filmemacher der Gegenwart. Marburg: Hitzeroth, 1995
Karrer, Wolfgang/Ingrid Kerkhoff, Rap. Berlin, Hamburg: Argumente-Verlag, 1995
Toop, David, The Rap Attack. African Jive to New York Hip Hop. London: Pluto Press, 1984
Anhang
Song: The Darkside (von der Gruppe US3)
Come take a trip through the eye of a black man
Lookin`out at life like he really doesn`s give a damn
Feel the hate and anger of a punk gang banger
Mad gunslinger, better yet a worker`s nigger
See the ills of life for what they are
Feel yourself put back from the world real far
Life is grimmer than it ever was
As your blood simmers you feel your brain buzz
People look at you like you`re up to somethin`
You look right back like it ain`t nothin`
You don`t give a fuck. Life is a dream
If you die tomorrow then you won`t be a fiend
for the green anymore. Cause that`s what keeps you tickin`
And that`s what keeps you stickin`- if not for that you might be chillin`
You live in a hellhole. You want to get out
But the only thing you are seein` is doubt.
On the darkside.
As you walk down the street your mind is in a frenzy
You look out at the world like everybody`s your enemy
`Cause where you come from a friendly face is a bad sign
A person`s either naive or just fuckin`with your mind
Steppin`with a ghetto strut at a rythmic pace
On a mission to nowhere, yet you walk determined
The devil`s got your soul and your heart is burnin`
You couldn`t give a damn about another man`s life
That`s how it is. You live, that`s right
You`ve seen enough blood spilled to fill up the Hudson
So the peace group shit ain`t sayin`nothin`
`Cause you couldn`t give a damn if your own momma died
But if you had a doubt, then you would cry
It`s like the three-nine split to the six-six-six
All praise is due to the upside-down crucifix.
The darkside.
A day comes when you see the light
Your doors become clear and you`re feelin'right
You're happy like a kid again. It must be a dream
Is it a dream? So real it seems
You're on top of the world and you've reached the other side
Pokin' through the sky, on the clouds you ride
You thought you'd escaped but it didn't last
'Cause now you're addicted to the sleeping gas.
On the darkside.
You're smokin'crack.
On the darkside.
Text: Auszug aus einem Zeitungsartikel: Losing Ground (Newsweek, 6. April 1992)
Consider some statistics on life and death in America:
- The infant-mortality rate for African-Americans, 17.7 deaths per 1000 births, is more than double the average for whites. It's higher than the rate in Malaysia.
- Black children are three times more likely than whites to live in a single-parent household; 43.2 percent of all African-American children live in poverty.
- African-Americans now account for 28.8 percent of US AIDS cases. Blacks comprise 52 percent of women with the disease, and black children represent 53 percent of all pediatric AIDS cases.
- Homicide is now the leading cause of death for all African-American males between the ages of 15 and 34. Nearly half of all US murder victims are black.
- In 1989, 23 percent of all African-American men aged 20 to 29 were either in prison or on probation or parole. By one study, one fifth of all black males between 15 and 34 now have criminal records.
Familiar or not, these numbers underscore a complex social crisis that is shaking black America. It is the crisis of the inner city - a crisis for African-American men, women and children, and for the nation too. Its causes - poverty, crime, drugs and the disintegration of family and community - are obvious to everyone, and it's severity is beyond dispute. Black America's apprehension about this multiple crisis is clearly growing: since mid-1991, according to newsweek's latest poll, the percentage of black adults who say the quality of life has "gotten worse" for blacks over the last ten years has jumped sharply, from 35 percent to 51 percent. "Black people are in a worse position today" than at any time since the 1960s, says Dr. Alvin Poussaint, associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. "You ask black kids what they hope for the future, and they say, 'I hope I'll still be alive this time next year.' To me, it looks awfully bleak."
Newsweek's interviews with dozens of leading African-American scholars, civic acitivists and elected politicians reveal a striking degree of agreement with Poussaint's grim assessment. There is rising recognition, as The Washington Post columnist William Raspberry says, that the crime and social problems afflicting city residents now threaten all African-Americans - and Raspberry believes the survival of black Americans as a community may now be in question. "We are loosing a generation of young people, especially boys, with dire consequences for our group," Raspberry says. "I don't know if we can survive without our children." Rasberry's views may be more extreme than those of other black opinion leaders. But as Florida Atlantic University historian Kenneth Goings says, "I don't know a scholar who's working in this area who is not alarmed and upset by what's happening."
It is probably inevitable, given the long and bitter history of race relations in the United States, that some African-Americans now see conditions in the inner city in paranoid terms. Poussaint cites the freefloating rage "of inner-city youth and the pervasive suspicion that whites 'want to see us dead". Goings says many of his students believe the crime and social problems in the cities are somehow the result of racist conspiracies aimed at the extinction of all African-Americans. The advent of crack cocaine, the easy availability of lethal weapons and the emergence of the AIDS virus among inner-city blacks - all this may be construed as evidence of a plot. "This is genocide, 1990s style," says the Reverend Cecil Williams of San Francisco's Glide United Methodist Church. "We can't put our finger on any one person or group, but many of us are convinced ... there is a conspiracy to anesthetize and ultimately do away with... as many blacks in American society as possible."
For the record, not one of the academics, politicians and civic activists interviewed by Newsweek correspondents endorsed the use of the word "genocide" in its literal sense. Newsweek's poll shows that relatively low percentages of black adults believe that problems like drugs and AIDS are the result of racist conspiracies. But an analysis by The Gallup Organization indicates those low figures may be misleading, and up to 40 percent of a national sample of black Americans accepts the idea of a conspiracy in some context. Many thoughtful and well-informed African-Americans see the multiple social disasters of the cities as a pattern of societal neglect that is inherently racist. "You don't need five people in a room saying we're going to jam black people. But if you decide cities are last on your list, and 60 percent of African-Americans live in cities, you have targeted African-Americans," says Dr. Julianne Malveaux, a San Francisco-based economist and writer. "There is deliberate disregard. I'm not willing to call it a conspiracy, but this is neglect that is not benign."
Ausschnitt aus einer Radiosendung (BBC Radio 4, 25.July 1993)
MM = Michael Meyer EB = Edward Blishen TW = Timberlate Wertenbaker
EB: ... Michael, your choice.
MM: Well, my choice is an American novel called Beloved by Toni Morrison. She's a black woman - I think in her fifties - and it moves backwards and forwards in time, a little bewilderingly at first, but you soon get used to it, before and after the American Civil War. It's 1874 and a black woman called Seth in her late thirties lives with her teenage daughter Denver in a house that's haunted by the malevolent ghost of a baby And we gradually learn that this baby was murdered by Seth, her mother, most horribly with a handsaw, and that Seth also tried to kill her two small sons and her daughter Denver at the same time, but failed. And then again gradually, like almost everything in this book we learn that the reason she did this was to save her children from the unspeakable horrors she has had to endure and which she knows they would in time likewise endure at the hands of their owner, a white school teacher. Well, one day a beautiful teenage girl comes to the house and gradually the mother and daughter realize that this is the murdered baby as she would be were she alive today. And this ghost says that her name is Beloved which were the only letters Seth could afford to have carved on her tombstone. At first Beloved is gentle, but she becomes demanding and then violent - can we blame her? - and Denver fears that she may intend violence towards her and so the story moves to its powerful end.
I'd like to read if I may a bit from the book ... "During, before and after the War, he had seen Negroes so stunned, or hungry, or tired, or bereft it was a wonder they recalled or said anything. Who, like him, had hidden in caves und fought owls for food; who, like him, stole from pigs; who, like him, slept in trees for the day and walked by night; who, like him, had buried themselves in slop and jumped in wells to avoid regulators, raiders, patrollers, veterans, hillmen, posses and merrymakers. Once he met a negroe about fourteen years old who lived by himself in the woods and said he couldn't remember living anywhere else. He saw a witless colored woman jailed and hanged for stealing ducks she believed were her own babies."
I read this book first a year ago, and when I read it again now I found it even more impressive. I kept finding new excitements in it, as I will when I read it a third time as I shall.
EB: Yes, I must say no book has made me so bitterly ashamed of being white than that book.
TW: Yes, it's an extraordinary book because it writes a history which I think has never been written, so that although it's a novel, I have the impression of reading this unknown history, the suppressed history, since most of the history we know of America is definitely white. And she's put a face on these faceless thousands, hundreds of thousands of slaves which we know as a category. Slavery in America - you know they came on boats, you know they were slaves and then they were freed and their descendants are there and we know so little and that precision and that feeling of touching these people is what I found very moving and very rewarding about the book, so that every woman, every man that is mentioned in this book has a face, has a name indeed.
MM: I love the way she, I mean the book I greatly, a novel I greatly admire, marvellous book, is Gabriel Garcia Marquez' 100 Years of Solitude. And as in that book so in this, the way the characters accept the supernatural as a normal part of life like flowers and trees, so that when the ghost appears they don't think it can't be a ghost, they don't wonder, they accept, they know that such things exist.
EB: Yes, among other things, I think the book is one of the best ghost stories I've ever read. There is a tremendous - especially towards the end, when it moves into a whole dimension of the imagination, uh that I think I have rarely known equalled, so you don't actually, as you say Michael, you don't actually say to yourself, no doubts about ghostliness ever arise because they are irrelevant. The meaning of the ghostliness in the book is a real, a deep, a realistic meaning in fact.
TW: Yes, if you think of modern ghost stories where you get these ghastly things like the Exorcist or something, where the appearance of the ghost is so disgusting and unbelievable, she makes this transition so that there is a beauty and a wistfulness about the physicality of the ghost.
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